The paper offers a distinctive reading of Popper’s work, suggesting that his Logic of Scientific Discovery (LScD) might be re-interpreted in the light of his Open Society. Indeed, Popper can be interpreted as criticising certain aspects of his first book, and as a result improving upon them, in his second. It suggests translating what Popper says about ‘conventions’ into his later vocabulary of ‘social institutions’. Looking back, I believe that Popper never intended the language of conventions and decisions to be read individualistically. I remain unsure whether Popper was himself quite as clear about this as he could have been.  My reading makes Popper a pioneer in the sociology of science. Scientific institutions are arenas of POLITICAL power; but Popper did not discuss the structure and inter-relations of the social institutions of science, or offer a politics of science in the context of his methodology. What is missing from the skeletal sociology of LScD is the politics. We could put it in Popperian terms this way: scientific institutions are both open and closed. They are closed, firmly, to the inexpert, to the non-members; supposedly they are open to the qualified, provided the prerogatives of seniority and leadership are acknowledged. Despite these shortcomings, Popper’s critical and rational approach and his insistence on openness and intellectual honesty are still important today.

The establishment of Religious Democracy SYSTEM based on “Vallayat Faghih” is a new experience within POLITICAL SYSTEM discussion while it has necessary potential and capacity to attract POLITICAL participation and competition. In this research, we study theoretical subject relating to “Party SYSTEM” and “Vallayat Faghih”. And then examine the foundations of party SYSTEM from the view point of POLITICAL Shiite Fegheh and finally we also refer to the place of party SYSTEM in the Constitutional Law of Islamic Republic of Iran. Today, relating to the process of POLITICAL participation debate, in addition to vast popular POLITICAL participation. The competition discussion has also very important place. Now, the POLITICAL parties as one of the component of sustained POLITICAL development in democratic societies have important role in contemporary societies. The Shiite POLITICAL Fegheh has an important potential to support POLITICAL SYSTEM within democratic foundations. The article pursues to explain the place of POLITICAL parties as one of the necessities of democracy and its compatibility whit the foundations of Shiite POLITICAL Fegheh and Islamic Republic.

For POLITICAL instability, many indicators have been presented, but so far there has been no research on its common components with an informational warning structure based on which policymakers pay attention. Warning is a part of security and information sciences that warn based on the SYSTEM of signs، and with this approach can be closely related to POLITICAL instability. Warning based on the SYSTEM of signs, the policymaker and decision-makers are aware of a definite danger to help them continue their policymaking. By correctly depicting the relevance of information alerting to indicators of POLITICAL instability، it is possible to design and provide an appropriate framework between the two issues. The issue of this research is how the general framework of information instability and warning can be adjusted and monitored so that information warning can be linked with POLITICAL instability so that these two categories can be combined..Counted. For the validity and validity of the developed framework, the cases were reviewed through experts and they confirmed the calculated framework. The results of this study showed that some components of POLITICAL instability have close and collateral relationship with the signs of a security and intelligence warning SYSTEM. In general, information alerting as an independent dependency on POLITICAL stability as an independent variable has close interaction. In this regard، information elements should also follow instability phenomena with a social perspective so that they do not have any problems or challenges in providing security alerts

The issue of the nature of the state is one of the most important issues in POLITICAL philosophy, and any interpretation of it will follow an interpretation of government ends, ideal government, and the necessity to obey the government, POLITICAL legitimacy and freedom in its own way. The present study, which is theoretical in terms of its fundamental content, applies the theoretical framework of Mouffe's radical democracy, and focuses on one of the prominent figures of the POLITICAL philosophy of public law in the 20th century, and finally attempted to answer the main question of what is the ideal government the type and the nature of it in the POLITICAL theology of Karl Schmitt? The results illustrate that the understanding and interpretation of the nature of the state as well as the desired government in Schmitt's POLITICAL philosophy and POLITICAL theology in the light of understanding the fundamental concepts in his thought such as POLITICAL theology is POLITICAL matter, rule friend/enemy/independent dictatorship, sovereignty, the concept of exception in criticism of European liberal parliamentary SYSTEM, negative anthropology, adaptation of citizenship to POLITICAL nationality, criticism of the concept of majority in liberal democracy. The results also state that Schmidt's ideal government is compatible with the identity-oriented type of radical democracy. The significance of the study dates back to the growing criticism of liberal democracy and the emergence of radical democratic governments, especially in Latin America.

Purpose: The flourishing of POLITICAL parties and currents is one of the signs of the degree of development in societies. In contemporary Iran and since the formation of the constitutional movement, POLITICAL currents have gone through many ups and downs and it can be said that POLITICAL currents in Iran after the Islamic Revolution have not yet reached the stage of institutionalization and stability. A characteristic feature of POLITICAL currents in Iran is the divergence and division among POLITICAL currents in recent decades, and this can be one of the reasons for the instability and cross-sectional and seasonal activity of POLITICAL parties in Iran. Therefore, the necessity of leading research seeks to answer the question of how factors and divergence among POLITICAL currents in Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution can be analyzed? And what are the scenarios for the advancement of POLITICAL currents in Iran?Method: To answer this question, the method of causal-layer analysis, which is one of the qualitative methods in futures research, has been used.Findings: The research findings indicate that this divergence is due to a wide range of reasons from the level of causal SYSTEMs (from the institutionalization of power to the formation of parties as elitist initiatives), worldview and discourse (from charismatic POLITICAL authority to culture). Subsidiary-follower politics to myth-metaphor (Iranian individualism to belief in a strong state-weak society) can be analyzed.Conclusions: Three scenarios for the future of Iranian POLITICAL currents can be considered: integration of currents as the security valve of the POLITICAL SYSTEM, the collapse of POLITICAL currents in the traditional form, integration and consolidation in new social movements (virtualized parties).

There is no doubt about the presence of ethics in society. Imam Khomeini, who founded and managed the Islamic Republic of Iran, was a pious politician and an authority in many fields including ethics. He believes all Islamic ethical rules are POLITICAL. So the present paper will try to SYSTEMatically explain Imam Khomeini's contributions to POLITICAL ethics based on a descriptive-analytical approach. It seems that Imam Khomeini's POLITICAL ethics is based on brotherhood. For studying, stabilizing, and expanding brotherhood, the society should be ornamented with virtues and cleaned from roguery. He believes that all human beings have two types of inborn nature, an original nature which loves absolute perfection, and an dependent nature which hates imperfection. Brotherhood relationship is strengthened through being ornamented with virtues in line with human's original nature. It helps society to become like a single body and act in line with Allah not in line with the self. In this way, society will turn into a utopia associated with God. Thus, on the basis of such ethical SYSTEM which is innately POLITICAL, the paper is to present a solution for personal, familial, POLITICAL, economic, and social problems at a national, local, and global level.

The reflection of social CHANGES in language is an important issue in sociolinguistics, sociology of language and anthropological linguistics. The present study attempts to examine the linguistic consequences of two contemporary great CHANGES, namely the establishment of the European Union and the collapse of the Soviet Union. The study shows that the consequences of the two are radically different; one promoted integration, while the other led to divergence. The result of the collapse of the Soviet Union was the revival of the local and native languages in different new Republics, in addition to the decrease in the power, authority, influence and dominance of the Russian language. On the other hand, the establishment of the European Union led to a linguistic integrity, resulting in promotion for some languages which are supported by the force of power and the decline in the status of powerless and minority languages. The present study also shows that although the two CHANGES follow opposite directions (integration and divergence), they share one consequence, which is the promotion for English and its domination.

Introduction The topic of POLITICAL participation is considered one of the most important and delicate POLITICAL challenges and debates both in the field of opinion and in the field of action in Iranian society and in the contemporary period, especially in the SYSTEM of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, in response to the question of the forms of POLITICAL participation in the religious legitimate POLITICAL SYSTEM in the approach of the Qur'an, the hypothesis based on the theoretical framework of the forms and types of POLITICAL participation in POLITICAL science and the method of thematic interpretation of the Qur'an follows that: types of participation aimed at POLITICAL action, supportive, questioning, critical and protesting, selective, decision-making, organizational and negative/controversial POLITICAL participation under the legitimate POLITICAL SYSTEM is one of the positive and negative types of POLITICAL participation under the legitimate POLITICAL SYSTEM. Each of these forms is also based on the reasons and evidences in the Qur'an, the negative type of which is rejected from the Qur'an's point of view. The necessity of supporting the legitimate POLITICAL SYSTEM based on verses such as Nafar, Jihad, Hijra, etc.; the necessity of acting on the decisive result obtained from the consultation by the Sharia ruler and especially the non-infallible one in non-revealed matters; the need for criticism, leadership, and creditability; and the desirability of competition in better and stronger administration of the society is one of the findings of the research. In the preparation of the research, the research tends to a theory that it calls the theory of maximum conditional POLITICAL participation, which considers the people as the owners of POLITICAL rights, but considers the jurists to be generally and potentially appointed, but leaving the power is the act of POLITICAL power. They are based on the acceptance and choice of the people, and POLITICAL participation is a basis of the legitimacy of the POLITICAL SYSTEM. This theory can be the best interpretation of religious democracy.Investigating POLITICAL participation in religious texts, especially in the Holy Quran, requires attention to several points. The first point is to pay attention to this subtle issue that it is not possible to take the concepts of today such as POLITICAL participation which is discussed in the contemporary environment completely from the concepts and terms of yesterday and try to impose all its conditions and rulings on today to show or impose today's conditions and rulings on the concepts contained in the Qur'an. On the one hand, the research has analyzed the supportive, critical-reformative, competitive-selective models in the Quranic attitude and has shown the different dimensions of POLITICAL participation under the legitimate POLITICAL SYSTEM in the Quran based on thematic interpretation sources. On the other hand, the research, based on the method of interpretation of the subject, which is a collection based on theory and comprehensive ijtihad in a specific subject and problem, has an opinion on a theory that it calls the theory of maximum conditional POLITICAL participation or POLITICAL participation and implementation. This theory considers the people to be the owners of POLITICAL rights, but unlike the selection theory, it also considers jurists to be generally and potentially appointed, but their removal from power is based on the act of their POLITICAL power based on acceptance, influence, and choice, and in a word, the POLITICAL participation of the people. and since the people are the electors of the ruling jurist, they have the possibility of being present and playing a role in all kinds of POLITICAL participation. From the perspective of research, this theory can be the best interpretation of religious democracy. But if we do not accept this opinion, their verses and texts and their conceptual network indicate that the path of maximum POLITICAL participation under the leadership of the jurist is open. Based on this, the levels of POLITICAL participation according to the POLITICAL SYSTEM can be divided into two sub-categories: legitimate POLITICAL SYSTEM and illegitimate POLITICAL SYSTEM, which have two types, positive and negative. Participation is aimed at supportive, questioning, critical, and protesting POLITICAL action, participation is aimed at selective POLITICAL action, participation is aimed at decision-making POLITICAL action, and participation is aimed at organizational POLITICAL action and negative/controversial POLITICAL participation under the legitimate POLITICAL SYSTEM. It is one of the positive and negative types of POLITICAL participation under the legitimate POLITICAL SYSTEM. Each of these is based on reasons and evidences in the Qur'an, the negative type of which is rejected from the Qur'an's point of view.